INDICATIONS
Tramadol is indicated for the management of moderate to moderately severe pain.
CONTRAINDICATION
Tramadol should not be administered to patients who have previously demonstrated hypersensitivity to tramadol or in cases of acute intoxication with alcohol, hypnotics, centrally acting analgesics, opioids or psychotropic drugs.
WARNING
Seizure Risk Tramadol causes seizures in animal models, and a few seizures have been reported in humans receiving excessive single oral doses (700 mg) or large intravenous doses (300 mg). Administration of Tramadol may enhance the seizure risk in patients taking MAO inhibitors, neuroleptics, other drugs that reduce the seizure threshold patients with epilepsy, or patients otherwise at increased risk for seizure. In animal studies, naloxone administration increased the risk of convulsions.
Use with CNS Depressants Tramadol should be used with caution and in reduced dosages when administered to patients receiving CNS depressants such as alcohol, opioids, anesthetic agents, phenothiazines, tranquilizers or sedative hypnotics.
Use with MAO Inhibitors Tramadol should be used with great caution in patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors, since tramadol inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
PRECAUTIONS
Respiratory Depression When large doses of Tramadol are administered with anesthetic medications or alcohol, respiratory depression may result. Cases of intraoperative respiratory depression, usually with large intravenous doses of tramadol and with concurrent administration of respiratory depressants, have been reported in foreign experience. Such cases should be treated as overdoses. Tramadol should be administered cautiously in patients at risk for respiratory depression.
Increased Intracranial Pressure or Head Trauma Tramadol should be used with caution in patients with increased intracranial pressure or head injury. Pupillary changes (miosis) from tramadol may obscure the existence, extent or course of intracranial pathology. Clinicians should also maintain a high index of suspicion for adverse drug reaction when evaluating mental status in these patients if they are receiving Tramadol.
Acute Abdominal Conditions The administration of Tramadol may complicate the clinical assessment of patients with acute abdominal conditions.
Patients Physically Dependent on Opioids Tramadol is not recommended for patients who are dependent on opioids. Patients who have recently taken substantial amounts of opioids may experience withdrawal symptoms. Because of the difficulty in assessing dependence in patients who have previously received substantial amounts of opioid medication, caution should be used in the administration of Tramadol to such patients.
Use in Renal and Hepatic Disease Impaired renal function results in a decreased rate and extent of excretion of tramadol and its active metabolite M1. In patients with creatinine clearances of less than 30 ml/min dosing reduction is recommended .
Metabolism of tramadol and M1 is reduced in patients with advanced cirrhosis of the liver. In cirrhotic patients, dosing reduction is recommended .
With the prolonged half-life in these conditions, achievement of steady state is delayed, so that it may take several days for elevated plasma concentrations to develop.
Information for Patients Patients being treated with Tramadol should receive the following information:
Tramadol may impair mental or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks such as driving a car or operating machinery.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Tramadol was not mutagenic in the following assays: Ames Salmonella microsomal activation test, CHO/HPRT mammalian cell assay, mouse lymphoma assay (in the absence of metabolic activation), dominant lethal mutation tests in mice, chromosome aberration test in Chinese hamsters, and bone marrow micronucleus tests in mice and Chinese hamsters. Weakly mutagenic results occurred in the presence of metabolic activation in the mouse lymphoma assay and micronucleus test in rats. Overall, the weight of evidence from these tests indicates that tramadol does not pose a genotoxic risk to humans.
A slight, but statistically significant, increase in two common murine tumors, pulmonary and hepatic, was observed in a mouse carcinogenicity study, particularly in aged mice (dosing orally up to 30 mg/kg for approximately two years, although the study was not done with the Maximum Tolerated Dose). This finding is not believed to suggest risk in humans. No such finding occurred in a rate carcinogenicity study.
No effects on fertility were observed for tramadol at oral dose levels up to 50 mg/kg in male rats and 75 mg/kg in female rats.
Teratogenic Effects: Usage in Pregnancy Pregnancy Category C There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Tramadol should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Tramadol has been shown to be embryotoxic and fetotoxic in mice, rats and rabbits and maternally toxic doses 3 to 15 times the maximum human dose or higher (120 mg/kg in mice, 25 mg/kg or higher in rats and 75 mg/kg or higher in rabbits), but was not teratogenic at these dose levels. No harm to the fetus due to tramadol was seen at doses that were not maternally toxic.
No drug-related teratogenic effects were observed in progeny of mice, rats or rabbits treated with tramadol by various routes (up to 140 mg/kg for mice, 80 mg/kg for rats or 300 mg/kg for rabbits). Embryo and fetal toxicity consisted primarily of decreased fetal weights, skeletal ossification and increased supemumerary ribs at maternally toxic dose levels. Transient delays in developmental or behavioral parameters were also seen in pups in rat dams allowed to deliver. Embryo and fetal lethality were reported only in one rabbit study at 300 mg/kg, a dose that would cause extreme maternal toxicity in the rabbit.
In peri- and post-natal studies in rats, progeny of dams receiving oral (gavage) dose levels of 50 mg/kg or greater had decreased weights, and pup survival was decreased early in lactation at 80 mg/kg (6 to 10 times the maximum human dose). No toxicity was observed for progeny of dams receiving 8, 10, 20, 25 or 40 mg/kg. Maternal toxicity was observed at all dose levels, but effects on progeny were evident only at higher dose levels where maternal toxicity was more severe.
Labor and Delivery Tramadol should not be used in pregnant women prior to or during labor unless the potential benefits outweigh the risks, because safe use in pregnancy has not been established. Tramadol has been shown to cross the placenta. The mean ratio of serum tramadol in the umbilical veins compared to maternal veins was 0.83 for 40 women given tramadol during labor.
The effect of Tramadol, if any, on the later growth, development, and functional maturation of the child is unknown.
Nursing Mothers Tramadol is not recommended for obstetrical preoperative medication or for post-delivery analgesia in nursing mothers because its safety in infants and newborns has not been studied. Following a single 100 mg dose of tramadol, the cumulative excretion in breast milk within 16 hours postdose was 100 ?g of tramadol (0.1% of the maternal dose) and 27 ?g of M1.
Pediatric Use The pediatric use of Tramadol? is not recommended because safety and efficacy in patients under 16 years of age have not been established.
Use in the Elderly In subjects over the age of 75 years, serum concentrations are slightly elevated and the elimination half-life is slightly elevated and the elimination half-life is slightly prolonged. The aged also can be expected to vary more widely in their ability to tolerate adverse drug effects. Daily doses in excess of 300 mg are not recommended in patients over 75 .
Tramadol is indicated for the management of moderate to moderately severe pain.
CONTRAINDICATION
Tramadol should not be administered to patients who have previously demonstrated hypersensitivity to tramadol or in cases of acute intoxication with alcohol, hypnotics, centrally acting analgesics, opioids or psychotropic drugs.
WARNING
Seizure Risk Tramadol causes seizures in animal models, and a few seizures have been reported in humans receiving excessive single oral doses (700 mg) or large intravenous doses (300 mg). Administration of Tramadol may enhance the seizure risk in patients taking MAO inhibitors, neuroleptics, other drugs that reduce the seizure threshold patients with epilepsy, or patients otherwise at increased risk for seizure. In animal studies, naloxone administration increased the risk of convulsions.
Use with CNS Depressants Tramadol should be used with caution and in reduced dosages when administered to patients receiving CNS depressants such as alcohol, opioids, anesthetic agents, phenothiazines, tranquilizers or sedative hypnotics.
Use with MAO Inhibitors Tramadol should be used with great caution in patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors, since tramadol inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
PRECAUTIONS
Respiratory Depression When large doses of Tramadol are administered with anesthetic medications or alcohol, respiratory depression may result. Cases of intraoperative respiratory depression, usually with large intravenous doses of tramadol and with concurrent administration of respiratory depressants, have been reported in foreign experience. Such cases should be treated as overdoses. Tramadol should be administered cautiously in patients at risk for respiratory depression.
Increased Intracranial Pressure or Head Trauma Tramadol should be used with caution in patients with increased intracranial pressure or head injury. Pupillary changes (miosis) from tramadol may obscure the existence, extent or course of intracranial pathology. Clinicians should also maintain a high index of suspicion for adverse drug reaction when evaluating mental status in these patients if they are receiving Tramadol.
Acute Abdominal Conditions The administration of Tramadol may complicate the clinical assessment of patients with acute abdominal conditions.
Patients Physically Dependent on Opioids Tramadol is not recommended for patients who are dependent on opioids. Patients who have recently taken substantial amounts of opioids may experience withdrawal symptoms. Because of the difficulty in assessing dependence in patients who have previously received substantial amounts of opioid medication, caution should be used in the administration of Tramadol to such patients.
Use in Renal and Hepatic Disease Impaired renal function results in a decreased rate and extent of excretion of tramadol and its active metabolite M1. In patients with creatinine clearances of less than 30 ml/min dosing reduction is recommended .
Metabolism of tramadol and M1 is reduced in patients with advanced cirrhosis of the liver. In cirrhotic patients, dosing reduction is recommended .
With the prolonged half-life in these conditions, achievement of steady state is delayed, so that it may take several days for elevated plasma concentrations to develop.
Information for Patients Patients being treated with Tramadol should receive the following information:
Tramadol may impair mental or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks such as driving a car or operating machinery.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Tramadol was not mutagenic in the following assays: Ames Salmonella microsomal activation test, CHO/HPRT mammalian cell assay, mouse lymphoma assay (in the absence of metabolic activation), dominant lethal mutation tests in mice, chromosome aberration test in Chinese hamsters, and bone marrow micronucleus tests in mice and Chinese hamsters. Weakly mutagenic results occurred in the presence of metabolic activation in the mouse lymphoma assay and micronucleus test in rats. Overall, the weight of evidence from these tests indicates that tramadol does not pose a genotoxic risk to humans.
A slight, but statistically significant, increase in two common murine tumors, pulmonary and hepatic, was observed in a mouse carcinogenicity study, particularly in aged mice (dosing orally up to 30 mg/kg for approximately two years, although the study was not done with the Maximum Tolerated Dose). This finding is not believed to suggest risk in humans. No such finding occurred in a rate carcinogenicity study.
No effects on fertility were observed for tramadol at oral dose levels up to 50 mg/kg in male rats and 75 mg/kg in female rats.
Teratogenic Effects: Usage in Pregnancy Pregnancy Category C There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Tramadol should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Tramadol has been shown to be embryotoxic and fetotoxic in mice, rats and rabbits and maternally toxic doses 3 to 15 times the maximum human dose or higher (120 mg/kg in mice, 25 mg/kg or higher in rats and 75 mg/kg or higher in rabbits), but was not teratogenic at these dose levels. No harm to the fetus due to tramadol was seen at doses that were not maternally toxic.
No drug-related teratogenic effects were observed in progeny of mice, rats or rabbits treated with tramadol by various routes (up to 140 mg/kg for mice, 80 mg/kg for rats or 300 mg/kg for rabbits). Embryo and fetal toxicity consisted primarily of decreased fetal weights, skeletal ossification and increased supemumerary ribs at maternally toxic dose levels. Transient delays in developmental or behavioral parameters were also seen in pups in rat dams allowed to deliver. Embryo and fetal lethality were reported only in one rabbit study at 300 mg/kg, a dose that would cause extreme maternal toxicity in the rabbit.
In peri- and post-natal studies in rats, progeny of dams receiving oral (gavage) dose levels of 50 mg/kg or greater had decreased weights, and pup survival was decreased early in lactation at 80 mg/kg (6 to 10 times the maximum human dose). No toxicity was observed for progeny of dams receiving 8, 10, 20, 25 or 40 mg/kg. Maternal toxicity was observed at all dose levels, but effects on progeny were evident only at higher dose levels where maternal toxicity was more severe.
Labor and Delivery Tramadol should not be used in pregnant women prior to or during labor unless the potential benefits outweigh the risks, because safe use in pregnancy has not been established. Tramadol has been shown to cross the placenta. The mean ratio of serum tramadol in the umbilical veins compared to maternal veins was 0.83 for 40 women given tramadol during labor.
The effect of Tramadol, if any, on the later growth, development, and functional maturation of the child is unknown.
Nursing Mothers Tramadol is not recommended for obstetrical preoperative medication or for post-delivery analgesia in nursing mothers because its safety in infants and newborns has not been studied. Following a single 100 mg dose of tramadol, the cumulative excretion in breast milk within 16 hours postdose was 100 ?g of tramadol (0.1% of the maternal dose) and 27 ?g of M1.
Pediatric Use The pediatric use of Tramadol? is not recommended because safety and efficacy in patients under 16 years of age have not been established.
Use in the Elderly In subjects over the age of 75 years, serum concentrations are slightly elevated and the elimination half-life is slightly elevated and the elimination half-life is slightly prolonged. The aged also can be expected to vary more widely in their ability to tolerate adverse drug effects. Daily doses in excess of 300 mg are not recommended in patients over 75 .